Chronic Diseases an ‘Impending Disaster’ for Some Nations

July 20th, 2011 at 07:41am Under Health report

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This is the VOA Special English Health Report.

When we think of threats to public health, we often think of communicable diseases. But experts say non-communicable diseases — those that do not spread from person to person — are the leading killer today. These are often the result of poor diet, environmental influences including tobacco and alcohol use, or genetics.

Now, the World Health Organization has released its first Global Status Report on Non-Communicable Diseases. In two thousand eight, they caused sixty-three percent of all deaths. And eighty percent of those deaths were reported in developing countries.

These countries are spending billions to treat conditions like cancer, heart disease and diabetes. The WHO says the costs of treating non-infectious diseases are pushing millions of people into poverty. WHO Director-General Margaret Chan says: “For some countries it is no exaggeration to describe the situation as an impending disaster … a disaster for health, society and national economies.”

Conditions that last for years are also known as chronic diseases. Population changes are driving the increase in cases. Populations in many developing countries are growing quickly and living more in cities. Aging populations also play a part. Chronic diseases become more common as people get older.

Dr. James Hospedales is a chronic disease expert at the WHO. He says chronic diseases are a major problem in big countries like the United States, India and China and across Latin America and the Mediterranean. And they are expected to become the leading cause of death in many African nations by twenty-twenty.

JAMES HOSPEDALES: “We cannot wait until we have dealt with HIV, dealt with malaria. No, it’s upon us. As a matter of fact, one of the major contributors to tuberculosis going up in several countries is because diabetes is going up — and obesity. So there is a link between diabetes and TB.”

Dr. Hospedales says some middle- and low-income countries are beginning to recognize that their health policies must deal more with prevention.

JAMES HOSPEDALES: “We estimate in WHO that over thirty million lives can be saved in the next ten years by simple measures — reducing the level of salt by fifteen to twenty percent, reducing the amount of tobacco, and increasing the number of people who are at risk of a heart attack and stroke to be on simple preventive treatment.”

The WHO is the United Nations’ health agency. The General Assembly plans to hold its first high-level meeting on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases. The meeting will take place in New York this September.

And that’s the VOA Special English Health Report. To read and listen to more health news and for English teaching activities, go to voaspecialenglish.com. I’m Steve Ember.

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Contributing: Vidushi Sinha

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Why Sleep Apnea Raises Risk of Stroke, Heart Attack

July 10th, 2011 at 07:30am Under Health report

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This is the VOA Special English Health Report.

(SOUND)

Loud snoring can be a problem — and not just for other people trying to sleep with the noise. It can also be a sign of sleep apnea. People with this condition repeatedly stop breathing while they sleep, and may not even know it.

Doctor David Gross is a lung specialist at the National Rehabilitation Hospital of Washington.

DAVIS GROSS: “Sleep apnea means that the airway, the upper airway, cuts off at night. So the person, while he’s breathing normally in the daytime, when he goes to sleep, the muscles get all relaxed and cut off and this can happen over and over again, sixty to one hundred times an hour.”

Most people who snore do not have sleep apnea. But doctors say most people with sleep apnea do snore. Sleep apnea not only reduces sleep quality and makes people feel tired during the day. More and more studies show that it can also lead to strokes and heart attacks.

Dr. Michael Twery of the National Institutes of Health explains why.

MICHAEL TWERY: “Whenever we run out of enough air to breathe, it sends alerting signals to our minds. It raises the level of stress hormones. It tells our heart to work harder.”

When a person stops breathing, oxygen levels in the blood decrease. This happens again and again with sleep apnea.

MICHAEL TWERY: “And it’s constantly exposing us, night after night, to periods of insufficient oxygen. The level of oxygen in our blood will actually decrease to levels that would be considered a medical emergency.”

Dr. Twery compares the effect of sleep apnea to racing a car engine for long periods of time.

MICHAEL TWERY: “Our heart becomes overworked and we become more vulnerable to heart attack.”

And also strokes. Dr. Twery led a study of about nine thousand people who had sleep apnea but no history of heart disease. The researchers followed their progress for nine years.

MICHAEL TWERY: “They found that men can experience up to a three-fold increased risk of stroke, and that risk seemed to be well correlated with the severity of sleep apnea.”

In other words, the more severe the sleep apnea, the greater the chance of a stroke.

The next step will involve sleep apnea patients who have already had a stroke or heart attack. Researchers will study whether patients can reduce the risk of a second one with a machine called a CPAP. CPAP is continuous positive airway pressure. It provides a continuous flow of air into the throat and lungs while the person sleeps.

Sleep apnea seems to be more common in men than in women, and it becomes more common as people get older. The most common form is called obstructive sleep apnea. People who have it are often overweight or have it in their family, but it can affect anyone. In children, for example, enlarged tonsils in the throat can interfere with breathing as they sleep.

And that’s the VOA Special English Health Report. I’m Mario Ritter.

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